盐渍化沙地土壤旱化过程中植被的变化

利用地下水位高低不同地区所形成的不同立地类型水平空间上的分布来代表盐渍化土壤沙化旱化过程时间分布上的发展,分5种立地类型探讨盐渍化土壤干旱沙化过程中植被的演变特征.随着地下水位的降低,各立地类型土壤上植物种类减少,植被盖度降低,相邻植物群落中共有种逐渐增加,变异性减少,植被演变趋势从湿生-中生耐盐-沙生旱生植物过渡.     

Effects of ground fires on understorey bird assemblages in Amazonian forests

Avifaunal responses to understorey fire disturbance and subsequent changes in habitat structure were examined within 20 burnt and unburnt forest plots of 0.25 ha (10×250 m), 10-15 months after an unprecedented understorey fire swept through the Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve of central Brazilian Amazonia following the severe 1997-1998 El-Niño dry season. Although these surface fires in the previously undisturbed primary forest were relatively mild, they resulted in dramatic changes in forest structure consistent with those found elsewhere in Amazonia. Bird species negatively affected by these changes tended to be the least common, the most disturbance-sensitive, and habitat specialists. Considering different guilds, ant followers, dead-leaf gleaners, terrestrial gleaners, and arboreal sallying insectivores were the most negatively affected, whereas nectivores and arboreal granivores became more abundant in the burnt forest. The results highlight the severe consequences of even relatively mild surface fires in neotropical forests, and the importance of controlling haphazard frontier expansion for the conservation of susceptible species that are endemic to fire-prone regions.     

Bioassay-directed Fractionation of Organic Extracts of Marine Surface Sediments from the North and Baltic Sea - Part II: Results of the biotest battery and development of a biotest index (8 pp)

-

Part I: Determination and identification of organic pollutants Part II: Results of the biotest battery and development of a biotest index

-

Preamble. This series of two papers presents the results of an interdisciplinary research project (ISIS) dealing with bioassay-directed fractionation of marine sediment extracts. Part I presents the extraction and fractionation procedure as well as the results of chemical analysis, including non-target analysis of sediments. Part II describes the results of the biotest battery in relation to chemicals possibly causing parts of the observed effects. A biotest index is used to compare the toxicities of the samples.

-

AUTHORS / AFFILIATIONS Ninja Reineke (3), Werner Wosniok (4), Dirk Danischewski (1), Heinrich Hühnerfuss (3), Angelika Kinder (5), Arne Sierts-Herrmann (5), Norbert Theobald (2), Hans-Heinrich Vahl (6), Michael Vobach (1), Johannes Westendorf (6) and Hans Steinhart (5).

-

(1) Federal Research Centre for Fisheries, Institute for Fishery Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany (2) Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Bernhard-Nochtstr. 78, 20359 Hamburg, Germany (3) University of Hamburg, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany (4) University of Bremen, Institute of Statistics, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28334 Bremen, Germany (5) University of Hamburg, Institute for Food Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany (6) University of Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department for Toxicology, Vogt-Kölln-Str. 30, 22527 Hamburg, Germany (7) Eurofins Wiertz-Eggert-Jörissen, Stenzelring 14b, 21107 Hamburg, Germany

Goal, Scope and Background

The ecological relevance of contaminants in mixtures is difficult to assess, because of possible interactions and due to lacking toxicity data for many substances present in environmental samples. Marine sediment extracts, which contain a mixture of environmental contaminants in low concentrations, were the object of this study. The extracts were investigated with a set of different biotests in order to identify the compound or the substance class responsible for the toxicity. For this goal, a combination of biotests, biotest-directed fractionation and chemical analysis has been applied. Further on, a strategy for the development of a biotest index to describe the toxicity of the fractions without a prior ranking of the test results is proposed. This article (Part II) focuses on the biological results of the approach.

Methods

The toxicological potential of organic extracts of sediments from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea was analyzed in a bioassay-directed fractionation procedure with a set of biotests: luciferase reporter gene assays on hormone receptor and Ah receptor, arabinose resistance test, fish embryo test (Danio rerio), comet assay, acetylcholinesterase inhibition test, heat-shock protein 70 induction, oxidative stress and luminescence inhibition test (Vibrio fischeri). The test results provided the basis for the calculation of a biotest index by factor analysis to compare the toxicity of the samples and fractions.

Results and Discussion

Results of 11 biotests on different fractionation levels of the samples were described and discussed with regard to the occurrence of contaminants and their toxic potentials. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, quinones, brominated indoles and brominated phenols were in the focus of interest. A biotest index was constructed to compare the toxic responses in the samples and to group the biotest results.

Conclusion

The procedure presented in this study is well suited for bioassay-directed fractionation of marine sediment extracts. However, in relatively low contaminated samples, high enrichment factors and sufficient fractionation is necessary to allow identification of low concentrations of contaminants which is required to link effects and possible causes. In the present case, the relation between substances and effects was difficult to uncover due to relatively low concentrations of pollutants compared to the biogenic matrix and to the remaining complexity of the fractions. The results, with respect to the brominated phenols and indoles in the samples, highlight the successful use of bioassay directed fractionation in the case of high concentrations and high toxicity.

Recommendation and Outlook

In general, it has been shown that a marine risk assessment requires focusing on the input of diffuse sources and taking into account the fact of mixture toxicity. Effects resulting from biogenic substances will make the assessment of the influence of anthropogenic substances even more difficult.     

Characterization of brushite as a re-crystallization product formed during bacterial solubilization of hydroxyapatite in batch cultures

Two strains of bacteria (Burkholderia sp., strain FeGL01, and Burkholderia caribiensis, strain FeGL03) were isolated from a Brazilian high phosphorus iron ore. The capacity of both strains to solubilize hydroxyapatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH), was assessed in plate and batch cultures. In batch cultures, the concentration of solution-P showed two kinetics: an initial one, characterized by a continuously increasing kinetics and a second one, characterized by oscillatory kinetics. To understand the nature of these oscillations, phosphatic residues in the spent broth were collected before, during and after the oscillations, and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray chemical microanalyses (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). From these studies, it was found that drops in P concentration were related to the formation of an intermediate phosphate in the residues, identified as brushite, CaHPO₄·2H₂O. Later increase of available P in the solution was found to be a consequence of re-dissolution of brushite crystals previously formed. Re-crystallization of brushite was also detected in plate cultures after 12-14 days of incubation     

丘陵红壤橘园不同地面管理措施的经济生态效益研究

在丘陵红壤橘园上．经过3年6种地面管理措施的经济生态效益研究。结果表明：（1）水土流失，以清耕法作对照，生草法、克无踪、草甘膦、草草克、克克草的地表径流量可显著减少分别为38．8％．42．5％．18，7％，28．7％和37．5％；土壤侵蚀量可显著减少分别为55．5‰，51．7％．39．9％．46．8％和50．0％；流失的氮磷钾养分总量可分别减少60．3％．50．2％，37．0％．41．8％和45．4％。（2）杂草再生率，以生草法做对照，则处理中的清耕法、克无踪、草甘膦、草草克和克克草分别是生草法的55．1%．67．2％．30．3％．36．8％和51．2％。（3）土壤肥力，以土壤OM，N,P2O3,K2O总量增减率看，清耕法为-4．4%,生草法7．1％，克无踪6．9％，草甘膦5．3％．克克草6．2％．草草克6．6％。（4）柑橘的产量和品质，以清耕法作对照，除生草法外，克无踪、草甘膦、草草克、克克草均增产7％～10％；可溶性固形物、总糖量、总酸度、糖酸比以及单果重均达到显著差异水平。克无踪调控杂草效果显著．可作为丘陵红壤丘陵园地水保与培肥兼得的有效地面管理措施。     

青海露地白菜新品种品比试验

本实验对引进28个白菜新品种进行夏秋季露地栽培品比试验,从地上部生长特性和产量等方面进行测定和比较研究.结果表明：“北京新2号”的株高、开展度和净菜率最大,“北京新1号”的最大叶长和叶宽最大,“京春黄”的单株毛重、单株净重和产量最大.“京春娃娃菜”的平均单株净重最小,产量也最低,但其风味特别好,可作为本地高端市场或特菜种植.综合性状和产量表现较好的品种还有“胜春黄”、“北京新1号”、“黄心大白菜”、“四季春”、“高冷地”和“津秀一号”.     

农业科研单位创新文化建设途径探析

科技进步离不开科技创新,科技创新又需要创新文化的支持,文章分析了农业科研单位创新文化的现状及存在的问题,提出从更新观念树立以人为本的思想、倡导追求科学真理宽容失败的科学精神、加强管理体制和机制的创新、加强精神文明建设等方面构建创新文化。     

贵州屯堡文化在现代园林景观中的应用——以平坝县高烟坡山体公园规划设计为例

指出了屯堡文化作为贵州独特的汉族文化,其截然迥异的民族风格为现代园林地域景观提供了多元化参考。通过以平坝县高烟坡山体公园景观设计为例,对屯堡文化景观元素进行了提取,以促进现代园林景观设计的地域化、乡土化,保护和传承民族文化。     

水乡嘉鱼莲藕文化探究

对"水乡嘉鱼"其名、嘉鱼"湖莲"及"六月暴"的栽培历史进行了考究,并对人工大面积植莲的始末及近年来子莲和莲藕栽培情况进行了分析,同时探究了嘉鱼莲藕的饮食文化,说明莲藕对嘉鱼莲农有着深厚的感情,也是莲农科学致富的一大特色经济收入来源。     

金毛鳞伞液体培养工艺优化研究

以金毛鳞伞菌丝体干重为指标,以温度、转速、培养基pH、三角瓶装液量进行单因素试验,在单因素试验基础上设计正交试验,得出最适合金毛鳞伞液体培养的参数组合为：温度26℃、转速160r/min、培养基pH6.0、装液量为100mL。